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Philosophers, listed alphabetically
- Peter Abelard, (1079-1142)
- Mortimer Adler, (1902-2001)
- Theodor Adorno, (1903-1969)
- Albertus Magnus (a.k.a. Saint Albert the Great; Albert of Cologne)
- Rogers Albritton
- Anacharsis
- Anaxagoras, (died 462 BC)
- Anaximander, (609 BC,610 BC-c. 547 BC)
- Anaximenes of Miletus
- G. E. M. Anscombe, (1918-2001)
- Anselm, (1034-1109)
- Thomas Aquinas, (1225-1274)
- Hannah Arendt, (1906-1975)
- Aristotle, (384 BC-322 BC)
- Augustine of Hippo
- Marcus Aurelius, (121-180)
- J. L. Austin, (1911-1960)
- Averroes, (1126-1198), (Ibn Rushd)
- Avicenna, (980-1037), (Ibn Sina)
- A. J. Ayer, (1910-1989)
- Franz Xaver von Baader, (1765-1841)
- Francis Bacon, (1561-1626)
- Roger Bacon, (1214-1294)
- Alexander Bain, (1818-1903)
- Bruno Bauer, (1809-1882)
- Paul Benacerraf
- Jeremy Bentham, (1748-1832)
- George Berkeley, (1685-1753)
- Isaiah Berlin, (1909-1997)
- Hugh Binning, (1627-1653)
- Bonaventure
- George Boole, (1815-1864)
- F. H. Bradley
- Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, (AD 480-524 or 525)
- Franz Brentano, (1853-1920)
- Giordano Bruno, (1548-1600)
- Martin Buber, (1878-1965)
- Mario Bunge, (born 1919)
- Edmund Burke, (1729-1797)
- Albert Camus, (1913-1960)
- Rudolf Carnap, (1891-1970)
- David Chalmers
- Cicero, (106 BC-43 BC)
- Etienne Bonnot de Condillac, (1715-1780)
- Marquis de Condorcet, (1743-1794)
- Frederick C. Copleston, (1907-1994)
- Victor Cousin, (1792-1867)
- Crates of Thebes
- Ralph Cudworth, (1617-1688)
- Donald Davidson, (born 1917)
- Simone de Beauvoir, (1908-1986)
- Gilles Deleuze, (1925-1995)
- Jacques Derrida, (born 1930)
- Democritus, (born 460 BC)
- Daniel Dennett, (born 1942)
- Rene Descartes, (1596-1650)
- John Dewey, (1859-1952)
- Denis Diderot, (1713-1784)
- Duns Scotus, (c. 1266-1308)
- Mircea Eliade, (1907-1986)
- Empedocles, (490 BC-430 BC)
- Epictetus, (AD 55-circa 135)
- Epicurus, (341 BC-270 BC)
- Erasmus, (1466-1536)
- Johannes Scotus Erigina
- Eubulides of Miletus
- Gareth Evans, (1946-1980)
- Ludwig Feuerbach, (1804-1872)
- Paul Feyerabend, (1924-1994)
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte, (1762-1814)
- Immanuel Hermann Fichte, (1797-1879)
- Marsilio Ficino, (1433-1499)
- Michel Foucault, (1926-1984)
- Gottlob Frege, (1848-1925)
- Jakob Friedrich Fries, (1773-1843)
- Hans-Georg Gadamer, (1900-2002)
- David Gauthier
- Peter Geach
- Edmund Gettier, (born 1927)
- Nelson Goodman
- George Grant
- Felix Guattari, (1930-1992)
- R. M. Hare, (1919-2002)
- Jurgen Habermas, (born 1929)
- Martin Heidegger, (1889-1976)
- Georg Hegel, (1770-1831)
- Carl Gustav Hempel
- Heraclitus of Ephesus, (ca. 535 BC-475 BC)
- Thomas Hobbes, (1588-1679)
- Douglas Hofstadter, (born 1945)
- Max Horkheimer, (1895-1973)
- David Hume, (1711-1776)
- Edmund Husserl, (1859-1938)
- Ibn Khaldun
- Karl Jaspers
- Henry Home, Lord Kames, (1696-1782)
- Immanuel Kant, (1724-1804)
- Soren Kierkegaard, (1813-1855)
- Saul Kripke, (born 1940)
- Thomas Samuel Kuhn, (1922-1996)
- Imre Lakatos, (1922-1974)
- Pierre Laromiguière, (1756-1837)
- Gottfried Leibniz, (1646-1716)
- Leucippus
- C. I. Lewis
- David K. Lewis, (1941-2001)
- Emmanuel Levinas, (1906-1995)
- John Locke, (1632-1704)
- Niccolo Machiavelli, (1469-1527)
- John Leslie Mackie, (1917-1981)
- Alasdair MacIntyre
- Martin Luther, (1483-1546)
- Maine de Biran, (1766-1824)
- Nicolas Malebranche, (1638-1715)
- Maimonides, (1135-1204)
- Herbert Marcuse, (born 1898)
- Karl Marx, (1818-1883)
- John McDowell (born 1942)
- John Ellis McTaggart
- Alexius Meinong
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1906-?)
- James Mill, (1773-1836)
- John Stuart Mill, (1806-1873)
- Charl du Montesquieu
- Michel Montaigne
- G. E. Moore, (1973-?)
- Thomas More, (1478-1535)
- Thomas Nagel
- Leonard Nelson
- Otto Neurath, (1882-1945)
- Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844-1900)
- Robert Nozick (1938-2001)
- William of Ockham, (ca. 1285-1349)
- Rudolf Otto
- Derek Parfit
- Parmenides
- Blaise Pascal, (1623-1662)
- Charles Sanders Peirce
- Philo, (20 BC-40 AD)
- Alvin Plantinga
- Plato, (c. 427 BC-c. 347 BC)
- Plotinus, (died 270)
- Karl Popper, (1902-1994)
- Protagoras
- Hilary Putnam, (born 1926)
- Pythagoras, (582 BC-496 BC)
- W. V. O. Quine, (1908-2000)
- Frank Ramsey, (1903-1930)
- John Rawls, (1921-2002)
- Hans Reichenbach
- Richard Rorty, (born 1930?)
- Thomas Reid, (1710-1796)
- Rhazes
- Jean Jacques Rousseau
- Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, (1763-1845)
- Bertrand Russell, (1872-1970)
- Gilbert Ryle
- George Santayana, (1863-1952)
- Jean-Paul Sartre, (1905-1980)
- Friedrich Schelling, (1775-1852)
- Friedrich Schiller, (1759-1805)
- Friedrich Schleiermacher
- Moritz Schlick, (1882-1936)
- Arthur Schopenhauer, (1788-1860)
- Albert Schweizer
- John Searle (born 1931?)
- Wilfrid Sellars, (1912-1989)
- Sydney Shoemaker
- Peter Singer
- Joseph D. Sneed
- Socrates, (470 BC-399 BC)
- Herbert Spencer, (1820-1903)
- Baruch Spinoza, (1632-1677)
- Dugald Stewart, (1753-1828)
- Max Stirner, (1806-1856)
- David Friedrich Strauss, (1808-1874)
- Leo Strauss, (1899-1973)
- Charles Taylor
- Paul Tillich
- Thales, (circa BC624-BC547)
- Giambattista Vico, (1668-1744)
- Eric Voegelin, (1901-1985)
- Voltaire, (1694-1778)
- Alfred North Whitehead, (1861-1947)
- Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889-1951)
- Christian Wolff, (1679-1754)
- William Wollaston, (1659-1724)
- Georg Henrik von Wright, (1916-2003)
- Xenophanes
- Zeno of Citium, (333 BC-264 BC)
- Zeno of Elea, (circa 495 BC-circa 430 BC)
- Arnold Zuboff
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